- 1610: Galileo
- 1676: Ole Rømer
- 1687: Isaac Newton
- 1781: William Herschel
- 1838: Friedrich Bessel
- 1861: William and Margaret Huggins
- 1912: Henrietta Leavitt
- 1917 Einstein
- 1920: Harlow Shapley
- 1929 Edwin Hubble
- 1948: Ralph Alpher
- 1949: Fred Hoyle
- 1963: Maarten Schmidt
- 1964: Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson
- 1978: Vera Rubin and Kent Ford
- 1989: Margaret Geller and John Huchra
- 1992: John Mather and George Smoot
- 1995: Robert Williams
- 1998: Saul Perlmutter and Brian Schmidt
- 2010: Wendy Freedman
1676 Activity: Observing With Binoculars or Telescope
It is not difficult to observe the moons of Jupiter with a small telescope or binoculars. To the unaided eye Jupiter appears as an unusually bright star. It is visible during much of the year, except of course when it is on the opposite side of the Sun from Earth.
Several different websites provide information on where to look. Just use a search engine to find “Jupiter in the Night Sky” and you’ll find several to choose from.
You do not even need a tripod, as a typical pair of modern binoculars will reveal greater detail than Galileo’s telescope. However, a tripod makes it easier for several people to share a steady view.
As shown in the drawing above, Jupiter will appear as a small bright disk with three or four tiny “stars” in a row. You might even be lucky enough to see one of the moons disappear as it passes behind or in front of the planet.