- 1610: Galileo
- 1676: Ole Rømer
- 1687: Isaac Newton
- 1781: William Herschel
- 1838: Friedrich Bessel
- 1861: William and Margaret Huggins
- 1912: Henrietta Leavitt
- 1917 Einstein
- 1920: Harlow Shapley
- 1929 Edwin Hubble
- 1948: Ralph Alpher
- 1949: Fred Hoyle
- 1963: Maarten Schmidt
- 1964: Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson
- 1978: Vera Rubin and Kent Ford
- 1989: Margaret Geller and John Huchra
- 1992: John Mather and George Smoot
- 1995: Robert Williams
- 1998: Saul Perlmutter and Brian Schmidt
- 2010: Wendy Freedman
Giant Magellan Telescope

- Determining the large-scale structure of matter and energy in the universe.
- Understanding the dawn of the modern Universe and the first stars and galaxies.
- Understanding the formation and evolution of black holes.
- Studying the formation of stars and planets.
- Understanding the impact of the space environment on the Earth.
Wendy Freedman describes the Giant Magellan Telescope on a short video at the following location: http://obs.carnegiescience.edu/animations/GMT-short.mov