- 1610: Galileo
- 1676: Ole Rømer
- 1687: Isaac Newton
- 1781: William Herschel
- 1838: Friedrich Bessel
- 1861: William and Margaret Huggins
- 1912: Henrietta Leavitt
- 1917 Einstein
- 1920: Harlow Shapley
- 1929 Edwin Hubble
- 1948: Ralph Alpher
- 1949: Fred Hoyle
- 1963: Maarten Schmidt
- 1964: Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson
- 1978: Vera Rubin and Kent Ford
- 1989: Margaret Geller and John Huchra
- 1992: John Mather and George Smoot
- 1995: Robert Williams
- 1998: Saul Perlmutter and Brian Schmidt
- 2010: Wendy Freedman
Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Results
The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) was launched in June 2001. It was equipped with instruments that were much more sensitive than those aboard COBE, and the receivers had much higher resolution, so that the map it produced is more detailed.
The image at right shows the all-sky picture of the infant universe created from five years of WMAP data. In addition to showing the irregularities in the early universe that led to the clumping of stars and galaxies, the image reveals that the universe is 13.7 billion years old, to within an accuracy of less than 1%.