- 1610: Galileo
- 1676: Ole Rømer
- 1687: Isaac Newton
- 1781: William Herschel
- 1838: Friedrich Bessel
- 1861: William and Margaret Huggins
- 1912: Henrietta Leavitt
- 1917 Einstein
- 1920: Harlow Shapley
- 1929 Edwin Hubble
- 1948: Ralph Alpher
- 1949: Fred Hoyle
- 1963: Maarten Schmidt
- 1964: Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson
- 1978: Vera Rubin and Kent Ford
- 1989: Margaret Geller and John Huchra
- 1992: John Mather and George Smoot
- 1995: Robert Williams
- 1998: Saul Perlmutter and Brian Schmidt
- 2010: Wendy Freedman
Servicing the Hubble Space Telescope
Space Shuttle astronauts have visited the Hubble Space Telescope every few years to replace various components, extending its life and improving its instruments. After the tragic loss of Space Shuttle Columbia and her crew in 2003, the final servicing mission was canceled. However, after NASA received an avalanche of requests to keep the Hubble alive, NASA administrators reversed themselves and approved one more mission, shown here. In the image at right Astronaut John Grunsfeld performs the first of five spacewalks on May 14, 2009, during a week of work on the orbiting observatory, providing it with new and improved instruments and several more years of life.