- 1610: Galileo
- 1676: Ole Rømer
- 1687: Isaac Newton
- 1781: William Herschel
- 1838: Friedrich Bessel
- 1861: William and Margaret Huggins
- 1912: Henrietta Leavitt
- 1917 Einstein
- 1920: Harlow Shapley
- 1929 Edwin Hubble
- 1948: Ralph Alpher
- 1949: Fred Hoyle
- 1963: Maarten Schmidt
- 1964: Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson
- 1978: Vera Rubin and Kent Ford
- 1989: Margaret Geller and John Huchra
- 1992: John Mather and George Smoot
- 1995: Robert Williams
- 1998: Saul Perlmutter and Brian Schmidt
- 2010: Wendy Freedman
Andromeda Galaxy
The Andromeda Galaxy is our closest neighbor in intergalactic space. It is approximately 2 million light years away. Andromeda was one of the first galaxies studied because it is also the brightest, appearing to the naked eye on a clear night far far FAR away from city lights as a faint oval cloud in the constellation Andromeda. Like the Milky Way, Andromeda has a large spiral disk, a central bulge, globular clusters, a couple of satellite galaxies and several hundred billion stars.